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The Recovery of the Southern 

Corner Stone of the 

District 



PAPER READ BEFORE THE 
COLUMBIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY 

of Washington, D. C. 
MARCH 18, 19 IS 



By Fred E. Woodward 



Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Columbia 
Historical Society. Vol. XVIII 



1915 



The Recovery of the Southern 

Corner Stone of the 

District 



3 4^6./ 



PAPER READ BEFORE THE 
COLUMBIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY 

of Washington, D. C. 
MARCH 18, 1915 



By Fred E. Woodward 



Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Columbia 
Historical Society. Vol. XVIII 

1915 






THE EECOVERY OF THE SOUTHERN CORNER 
STONE OF THE DISTRICT. 

By Fred E. Woodward. 

(Read before the Society, March 18, 1913.) 

The southern corner stone of the District of Colum- 
bia lias at last been brought to light and its exact loca- 
tion is no longer a mystery. 

The sea-wall surrounding the quaint little Jones's 
Point liglithouse below Alexandria, Ya., has given up 
its long-kept secret and has been broken into by the 
United States Engineers, who have been at work in its 
immediate vicinity for some time past, and the long- 
buried stone has been uncovered to inspection, for the 
first time since 1861. 

Because of its importance as tlie initial boundary 
and one of the standstone pillars or mile stones placed 
at intervals approximately one mile apart, to define 
and mark the Federal Territory, it possesses no little 
historic interest. 

Shortly after Congress in 1790, authorized the erec- 
tion of a territory "ten miles square" on the Potomac 
river, its actual position was permanently marked by 
the erection of suitably inscribed brown sandstone 
monuments, about one foot square, beveled at four 
indies from the top and extending two feet above the 
surface of the ground. 

These were procured from the quarries leased by the 
United States Government at Accpiia Creek, ^''a., and 
were forty in number. 

President AVashington directed that a preliminary 
survey should begin at a ])oint on Hunting Creek, by 
running a line from Alexandria Court House south- 

16 



Woodirard: The Southern Corner Stone. 17 

westward half a mile and thence southeastward to the ■ 
northern shore of Hunting Creek. 

After the establishment of the initial point, his in- 
structions regarding the lines of the District were as 
follows: ''Beginning at Jones's Point, being the upper 
cape of Hunting Creek in Virginia, and at an angle 
in the outset of forty-five degrees west of the north, 
and running in a direct line ten miles for the first line : 
Then beginning again at a right angle with the first, 
across the Potomac ten miles, for a second line ; thence 
from the termination of said first and second line, 
running two other lines of ten miles each, the one 
crossing the eastern branch aforesaid and the other 
the Potomac and meeting each other in a point. ' ' 

This being the initial or corner stone of the Dis- 
trict, its erection was deemed worthy of a celebration, 
and this took place in the presence of a large concourse 
of people, on April 15th, 1791, the ceremonies being 
under the immediate direction of Hon. Daniel Carroll 
and Dr. David Stuart, both Commissioners. 

The latter was a practicing physician, residing in 
Alexandria, Va., and was the leading practitioner in 
that part of the state. He was at this time somewhat 
elderly, benevolent-looking and a great admirer of the 
classic poets, whom he often quoted in conversation; 
while Mr. Carroll, though still a young man, was 
already one of the prominent citizens of Washington, 
and a large land holder. 

A correspondent of the Massachusetts Spy, writ- 
ing from Alexandria, a few days after the occurrence, 
thus describes the aif air : 

"On Friday the 15th. inst. 1791, The Hon. Daniel Carroll 
and Dr. David Stewart arrived in this town to .superintend 
the fixing of the corner stone of the federal district. . . . 



18 Records of the Colinnhia Historical Societij. 

Tlie mayor and the commonality, together with the 
iiienibers of tlie different lodges of the town, at three 
o'clock waited on the Commissioners at Mr. Wise's, 
wliere they had arrived, and after drinking a glass of 
wine to the following sentiment, 

"May the stone we are about to place in the <;roiin(I 
remain an ininiovable monument of the wisdom and unani- 
mity oi" North America," 

the company proceeded to Jones's Point in the follow- 
ing order : 

1. The town sergeant. 

2. The Hon. Daniel Carroll and the Mayor. 

3. Mr. Ellicott and the recorder. 

4. Such of the aldermen and common council as were 
not Free Masons. 

5. The strangers. 

6. The Master of Lodge No. 22 with Dr. David 
Stuart at his riglit and the Rev. James Muir at his 
left, followed by tlie rest of the fraternity in tlieir 
usual form of procession, and lastly 

7. The citizens, two by two. 

"When Mr. Kllicott liad ascertained the precise i)oint 
from which the first line of the District was to pro- 
ceed, the Master of the Lodge and Dr. Stuart, assisted 
by others of the bretliren, placed the stone : after which 
a deposit of corn, wine and oil was made u])on it. 

In the course of his remarks Rev. James Muii- said: 

'Mav ihis slonc lonji coiiiniriiioi ate the (loodness of (iod. 
in (hose nnconnnon events which have {jiveu America a 
j)huv amonj,' nations. Under this stone may jealousy and 
sellishness he buried forever. 

•I'roni this stone may a superstructure arise wliose glory, 
Avhose mafjniticeuce. whose stability, une<iualled hitherto, 
shall astonish the world and invite even the savage of the 
wilderness to a shelter under its roof." 



Woodward: The Southern Corner Stone. 10 

The company partook of some liquid refreshment 
and retired to the place from which they came, where 
a number of toasts were drank. 

In 1885, the United States Government established 
and built a lighthouse upon Jones's Point, about 15 
feet north of the boundary stone and six years later, 
1861, under the direction of the United States Engineer 
Corps, a retaining sea wall was constructed upon the 
top of and over the stone, completely hiding it from 
view. 

For more than half a century, no human eye has 
looked upon this earliest monument, the subject of Dr. 
Muir's prophecy. 

About eight years ago the speaker visited the site 
of each of these ancient landmarks and was able to 
secure photographs of nearly all of them. The result 
of these excursions was presented to this Society on 
May 14th, 1906, and January 14th, 1907, respectively. 

At this time and, in fact, ever since the civil war, the 
exact location of this stone has been a baffling mystery. 
There has been no uncertainty as to the main fact, viz : 
that the stone was somewhere under the sea wall of the 
Jones's Point lighthouse, below Alexandria, Va. 

Marcus Baker says in his "Surveys and Maps of the 
District of Columbia," a paper read before the Geo- 
graphical Society, March 23, 1894, 

"On the 15th of April, 1791, there was laid with 
solemn and elaborate Masonic 'ceremonies, the corner 
stone of the District of Columbia. This stone, still 
standing, though hidden from view, forms a part of the 
foundation wall of the lighthouse at Jones' Point, near 
Alexandria, Va. It is under the gateway in front of 
the south door of the lighthouse." 

"An inquiry addressed to the Lighthouse Board 
asking for its exact location was answered in these 



20 Records of the CoTiunhia Ilistorieal f>ociet\j. 

words: * Kef erring to your letter relating to the loca- 
tion of the sontliern corner stone of the District of 
Columbia, which is said to be located on Jones' Point 
lighthouse reservation, the board states that its records 
and those of the engineer of the Fifth Lighthouse Dis- 
trict throw no light on the subject ; but an unverified 
statement places the stone under the front steps of the 
keeper 's dwelling. ' ' ' 

During a conversation with Mr. F. E. Wilkins, the 
lightliouse keeper, he showed the writer an old map 
of the surrounding territory then owned by the South- 
ern Railway Company, on which the line of the Dis- 
trict (which is at present the dividing line between 
Alexandria and Fairfax Counties of Virginia) was 
shown, — crossing the southwestern corner of the 
dwelling, thence across the yard formed by the sea 
wall, emerging from the sea wall immediately beneath 
a small flight of wooden steps leading from the yard 
above mentioned to the beach. This convinced me that 
the stone would be found (if ever found at all) in this 
exact place. This map may be found in Vol. 11, Plate 
3, Columbia Historical Society's publications. 

Some months later there was discovered in the 
records of the engineer's office, a rejiort of ]\rr. C. H. 
Sinclair, made in 1884 (which I understand lias never 
been printed), in which mention was made of a mark 
made on the sea wall. A part of this reports is as 
follows : 

"At Jones' Point in 1801 a sea wall three feet eij;ht and a 
half inches high was built and the comer stone enclosed 
in the wall. 

The light house keeper, Mr. Greenwood, saw the stone at 
the lime the wall was Iniilt and says it was 12 inches by 12 
inches and stood 15 inches above the gronnd. 



Woodward: The Southern Corner Stone. 21 

The wall has a batter of 2 inches, and on a stone marked 
in the sketch, a figure is cut. 

The keeper said that this was cut to show where the 
center of the side of the stone was, and as near as he could 
place it, the centre of the stone itself was at a point 6 inches 
from the edge of top of the wall, and that on this wall, stone 
was on the outside of the corner stone." 

A year or two ago the fligiit of wooden steps referred 
to was washed away by a severe storm, leaving this 
portion of the wall immediately accessible, as it had 
not been before. 

Mr. E. B. Gregg, of this city, rendered a very accept- 
able service by discovering on the face of this wall, an 
arrowhead mark, evidently made for a purpose. 

The discovery of this mark, which agreed so nearly 
with Mr. Sinclair's description, seemed conclusive to 
me that the long-looked-for stone had been definitely 
located, if not discovered, and I immediately took steps 
to secure the necessary authority to demolish a part of 
the wall, and bring once more to light this ancient 
landmark, this first tangible mark of an effort to im- 
plant in what was then a wilderness, the permanent 
boundaries of the future home of the infant republic. 

In the light of today, and in the prophetic light of 
the future, what momentous events radiate from this 
bit of sandstone. 

Both branches of the United States Government 
having charge of the reservation, the Engineer Corps 
and the Lighthouse Board, readily gave their permis- 
sion, but stipulated that there should be no expense 
attending the same, chargeable to their department, 
and that everything should be done under their direc- 
tion. 

Thus the matter rested until June, 1912, when Lieut. 
Col. W. C. Langfitt, of the United States Engineer 



22 Record-^ of the CoTiimhia Historical Society. 

Corps, at that time engaged in extensive operations in 
tlie immediate vicinity of the stone, broke into the wall 
and, as I had foreseen, found the stone within a few 
inches of its predicted location. 

Still further, the Engineer Corps has constructed a 
substantial niche or cage about six feet long and four 
feet in height and two and one-half feet in depth, 
covered with a broad concrete slab. 

This slab has a circular opening some six inches in 
diameter exactly over the center of the stone, making 
it accessible for surveyors. 

The opening in front of the stone measures four feet 
wide and two feet eight inches in height. The stone is 
slightly varied in shape from the remaining ones, being 
about eleven inches by nearly fourteen inches, instead 
of the usual twelve by twelve. About twenty-two inches 
of the stone is now above the surface of the ground, 
which at this point is beach sand. 

In view of the fact that this historic boundary stone 
has been brought to light and well protected, and also 
that the United States Government has recently re- 
claimed a large tract of land north of and almost 
adjoining the reservation on which the lighthouse is 
situated, it would seem almost certain that this spot 
will become an object of veneration and of frequent 
pilgrimages on the part of sightseers and others. 

Unfortunately, the lighthouse and its tiny reserva- 
tion of 2952 square feet (about one small city lot) is 
surrounded by i)rivate property, a small portion of 
which should be acquired by tlie United States in order 
to gain access to the stone. 

At the present time there is no public roadway lead- 
ing to the reservation and the corner stone, but it 
seems probable that such a road may be opened up 



Woodward: The Southern Corner Stone. 23 

through this newly reclaimed area and leading from 
Alexandria. 

Such a road, if constructed, would not give access 
to the corner stone, there being still some twenty-five 
or thirty feet of private property between them. 

A suggestion has been made that the Government 
purchase a small portion of the extreme point of land 
on which the lighthouse now stands, say all east of 
the present westerly line of the reservation. 

The ground is almost without value and its selling 
price would certainly be a mere trifle, as there is less 
than half an acre and all of it sand. 

It seems more than likely that if such a bill were to 
be introduced into Congress, no objection would be 
made and the bill would pass. 

Lieut. Col. W. C. Langfitt, of the Engineer Corps, 
deserves our kind consideration for valuable services 
rendered by him in uncovering the stone and allowing 
us to photograph the same as soon as it was visible, 
and" later constructing a suitable concrete cage which 
is a perfect protection for the stone. 

Some inscription should be placed upon the enclosure 
to the effect that this is 

The Initial Corner Stone of the District of 
Columbia, Placed in Position 
April 15, 1791. 

An enduring bronze tablet will cost about $75.00, 
but pending the question of expending such a sum, a 
printed sign might be secured at a cost of a few 
dollars. 

The present time is a favorable one to suggest to the 
Representatives in Congress from this Congressional 
district in Virginia that a little effort and the expendi- 



24 Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 

ture of a small sum of money would suffice to restore 
and fully protect for the future the remaining thirteen 
stones on the Virginia side of the old territory, thus 
saving these ancient and truly honorable landmarks 
from liand of the careless and the wantonly vandal, 
leaving them subject only to the ravages of time, whose 
softening finger dulls the sharpest lines and adds a 
beauty and a charm even to decay. 



Col. Hist. Soc. Vol. XVlll, Pl. 1 




THE CONXRETE CAGE OVER THE STOxXE. 
Erected in 1912. 



Senate Document No. 710, 64-2. 



PLATE If 



Mra PAl COUWTt , YIIWHW 






MOHTGOTK1 COtwn , NARILfl 




DI5TR\CT OF (OLUMBiA 




joffE,^' poiNr 



MAP OF THE BOUNDARY MILESTONES OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



Senate Document No. 710. fi^-S. 



PLATE 19. 




FEDERAL MILESfuNt, wntVi' CHASE CIRCLE, DISTRICT OF 
COLUMBIA. 




V ^ 



Senate Document No. 710, 64-2. 



PLATE 21. 




MILEblUNL, LASIL^^'fJ eolv'NER, D I ST R I CT OF CO LU M Bl A. 



Senate Document No. 710, 64-2. 



PLATE 22. 




MILESTONE NO. 6, NEAR BRENTWOOD ROAD. 



Senate Document No. 710, 64-2. 



PLATE 23. 




MILESTONE MARKED BY JOHN HALL CHAPTER. 



Report of Daughters of the American Revolution. 105 

Territory in accordance witli the impressive rites of Masonry. The Kev. 
James Muir delivered an address, and after partal^ing of refreslunents the pro- 
cession returned to the city and closed the ceremonies of the day with a 
banquet and appropriate toasts and speeches. 

Mr. Fred E. Woodward, of the Columbia Historical Society, then 
delivered a concise history of each stone, all of which have been vis- 
ited by him, and their exact condition known. The lecture was illus- 
trated with numerous photographic views, and at the close the audi- 
ence showed their appreciation by long and enthusiastic applause. 

The exercises were concluded by a short talk by Col. W. W. Harts, 
officer in charge of public buildings and grounds, who promised in his 
next report to Congress to ask that provision be made for determining 
the true ownership of the stones, and if necessary that steps be taken 
by the United States Government to acquire the land upon which 
they stand. 

Chapters of the District of Columbia, Virginia, and Maryland have 
agreed to become responsible for the marking of these boundary 
stones; each chapter, taking a stone, to surround it with an iron 
fence 5| feet high and 3 feet square, and to affix to the fence a bronze 
plate with a descriptive inscription. 

On July 12, 1915, Columbia Chapter, of the District, held interesting 
services marking the fourth milestone which marks the boundary of 
the District of Columbia and Maryland. 

Independence Bell Chapter, of the District, has taken a milestone and 
paid for the fence, but will hold its dedication later on, as a con- 
troversy has arisen over the placing of the fence around the stone. 
The owners of the ground object. But it is believed that this ob- 
jection Avill be soon overcome. 

John Hall Chapter, of the District, has erected an iron fence with 
bronze name plate bearing the inscription — 

Original Federal boundary stone, District of Columbia. Placed 
1791-1792. Protected by John Hall Chapter, Daughters of the 
American Revolution, 1916 — 

on No. 5 northwest boundary stone and dedicated the same on 
October 1, 1916. 

Livingston Manor Chapter, of the District, has placed an iron fence 
around the one standing on the Brentwood Road, near Mount 
Ranier, Md., known as No. 6 milestone. On the fence is a small 
bronze marker, bearing the following inscription : 

Original Federal boundary stone. District of Columbia. Placed 
1791-1792. Protected by Livingston Manor Chapter, D. A. R., 
Daughters of the American Revolution. 

Above the inscrij)tion is the insignia and at the bottom is the 
year 1916. 

Dedicatory services were held on the afternoon of June 2, 1916. 
The day was ideal and the hymns of the Republic Avere never sung 



100 Report of Daughters of the American Revolution. . 

with more fervor than wlien 150 school children of Mount Ranier I 
joined in the sinking of ^'America " and the " Star Spangled Banner." 

A wreath of huirel was placed on the stone by the regent, Mrs. 
Charles W. Brown. The school children followed with flowers, 
whi<-h they placed at the base of the stone. Others taking part in the 
exercises were Dr. John Brittain Clark, Dr. Henry H. Ranck. Rev. 
Dr. John Huddle. 

The State regent, Mrs. G. M. Brumbaugh, Mrs. George P. Con- 
way, Mrs. Velma T. Barber, and Miss Martha Louise Schmidt, his- 
torian of the chapter, had charge of the program. 

Lucy Holcombe Chapter, of the District, dedicated its stone on Octo- 
ber -JH. 1916. The stone was surrounded with a fence and has a 
bronze plate bearing an inscription. 

Marcia Burns Chapter, of the District, has marked and preserved a 
stone, details of marking not reported. 

Martha Washington Chapter, of the District, has taken a stone, situ- 
ated near Congress Heights, and has fenced it in and marked it. 

Mary Desha Chapter, of the District, has paid for a stone but has 
not dedicated it. 

The Mary Washington Chapter, of the District, has recently secured 
the i)ermission of Senator Blair Lee, of Maryland, to preserve one of 
these old milestones situated on his estate at Silver Spring. Md.. 
and the ceremonies are now under preparation. 

Our Flag Chapter, of the District, has paid for the fence and mark».r 
to protect the third milestone on the east from the north cornerstone. 

Patriots Memorial Chapter, of the District, has marked milestone 
No. 7. On the stone is inscribed the word " Maryland '' on one side, 
opposite " Jurisdiction of the United States." On another side 
" Mile 7." on the fourth side " 1792." The fence bears a heavy bronze 
marker with the inscription: 

Oriffinal Federal boundary stone, District of Columbia. Placed 
1791-1792. Protected by Patriot's Memorial Chapter, D. A. R.. 
1916. Marked and protected .Tune. 1916. 

■Richard Arnold Chapter, of the District, has marked and preserved 
a milestone. Details not given in report. 

Fairfax County Chapter, of Vienna, Va., has placed a fence around 
stone No. 0. It was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies on Sat- 
urday, June 15, 1916. This stone is in Virginia, near Columbia 
Pike. On the fence is a marker giving the name of the chapter and 
date of inscription. 

Falls Church Chapter, of Falls Church, Va., has placed an iron fence 
around milestone No. 9 of the District boundary, and on May 19 
held the dedicatory exercises. Members of the chapter were taken 
by automobile to the site of the stone, where : :veral speeches were 



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Fred E. Woodward Tells So- 
ciety of Abandoned South- 
ern Boundary Mark. 

CEREMONIES HELD 1791 

Government Will Be Asked to Pur- 
chase the Location Below 
Alexandria. 

A "Report on the Finding of the South- 
ern Corner Stone of the District of Co- 
lumbia" was read by Fred E. Wood- 
ward before the Columbia Historical So- 
ciety at the "Washington Club last night, 
in which the speaker described how 
through his efforts this landmark, which 
is located at Jones' Point lighthouse 
below Alexandria Va., was uncovered 
to the light of jfay for the first time 
since 1S61. 

Mr. Woodward^read an account from 
an old Boston newspaper of the ceremo- 
nies attending the erection of this south- 
ern corner stone of the District, which 
took place April 15. 17S1. when David Car- 
roll and David Stewart were Commis- 
sioners. In 1855, continued the speaker, 
the government erected a lighthouse at 
Jones' Point, and In 1S61 a retaining sea- 
wall was built, hiding the stone from 
view. 

A few years ago the wooden steps 
leading to the lighthouse were washed 
away, bringing to light the comer stone, 
which had been hidden under the front 
gateway under the front steps. In June, 
1912, Lieut. Col. Langley, of the United 
States Engineer Corps, broke an opening 
into the retaining wall, where the corner 
stone was imbedded and constructed a 
concrete niche around the landmark, 
thus protecting it from damage. Mr. 
Woodward recommended that the United 
States government purchase the land 
upon which the corner stone is located 
and that a bronze tablet or an inscription 
mark the historic spot. 



I 



A RESOL,tJTION THAT SHOUILD 
IVOT BE COIVSIDERED. 

The resolution offered in the House of 
Representatives by Mr. Green, of Massa- 
chusetts, looking to the restoration to the 
District of Columbia of the territory south 
of the Potomac which was ceded back to j 
Virginia in 1846, will probably attract but | 
little attention in the House. Originally | 
the District of Columbia consisted of a| 
territory 10 miles square lying on both sides 
of the Potomac. That portion south of 
the Potomac was ceded to the United j 
States by Virginia and the remainder was 
contributed by Maryland. The part ceded | 
by Maryland comprised 64 square miles, In- j 
eluding the Potomac river; that ceded by 
Vii-ginia was 36 square miles and included ' 
the city of Alexandria. The city of George- 
town was in the Maryland cession, but 
the entire population of the District in 
1800, including Alexandria city and county 
and Georgetown, was only 14,100. In 1846, 
none of the public buildings having been 
placed south of the river and the Federal 
Government having, as It conceived, no use 
for that part of the District, Congress 
passed an act by which that part of the 
District which had been given by Virginia 
was retroceded to that State and accepted 
by it. Being now a part of the territory 
of the State of Virginia, Congress has no 
power to deprive Virginia of Alexandria 
city and county without the assent of the 
State. It Is not at all likely that assent 
would be given, and so Mr. Green's resolu- 
tion directs the Attorney-General to find, 
if possible, a flaw In the act of reti'oces- 
slon. 

It is not likely that any flaw will be 
found and it Is to be hoped that It will not 
be. Virginia has suffered sufficiently from 
dismemberment practiced upon her terri- 
tory by aliens, against her will and in 
violation of the spirit. If not of the letter, 
of the Constitution. The United States 
has no need of this territory. It was un- 
der the jurisdiction of Congress for near a 
half century and suffered from misgovem- 
ment and neglect and finally was given 
back to the mother State. Its present con- 
dition is entirely satisfactory and Virginia 
doubtless would resist any attempt to 
wrest the fine old city of Alexandria from 
her territory. And the people of Alexan- 
dria have no kind of Interest In extending 
the happy hunting grounds of the "Wash- 
ington negro so as to include their fair city. 



Mileestone Dedicated by D, A. R. 

The Marcia Burns Chapter of the 
Daughters of Jthe American Revolution, 
with the aid of Troop 20 of the Girl Scouts 
of the District, Wednesday afternoon 
dedicated the milestone at Bowen road 
and Pennsylvania avenue southeast. The 
mile.?tone was placed there 125 j-cars ago , 
and marks the boundary line between the | 
District and Marj-land. i 

Among those who took part in the ex- 
ercises were: Rev. Paul Hlckok, Mrs. j 
Leon Arnold, Mrs. Frank Fuller, Mrs. j 
William J. Etliell, regent of the Marcia 
Burns Chapter, D. A. R. ; Masters Fried- 
erich voii Dachenhausen, and Albert C. 
Thorn, jr., F. W. Woodward, Mrs. Con- 
way, chairman of the committee on mile- 
stones of the D. A. R., and Mr. Brad- 
bury, owner of Bradbury HeiSThta. 



Z). A, R. Women Arrange 
D, C, Birthday Program 

The birthday of the District of 
Columbia will be celebrated next 
Wednesday afternoon with a rally 
under auspices of the D. A. R. at 
the south cornerstone of the Dis- 
trict, now covered by Jones Point 
Lig-hthouse, Alexandria, Va. 

The one exposed side of the stone 
has been protected by the D. A. R. 
of the District through the con- 
struction of a strong semicircular 
iron fence as a guard. 



